What the Doctor Overheard: Dr. Leopold Muller's Account of Music in Early Meiji Japan

Despite their significance, the writings on Japanese music by Prussian medical scientist and physician Leopold Müller, published in Yokohama from 1874 to 1876, have been nearly forgotten and marginalized even in historical research on the courtly gagaku traditions. This study, with full translation into both English and Japanese, illuminates and reassesses Müller's pioneering contribution.